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In the event of the death of a non-Melitian bishop or ecclesiastic, the vacant see might be given to a Melitian, provided he was worthy and the popular election were ratified by Alexander. Canon xi: Penance to be imposed on apostates of the persecution of Licinius. In the Council of Nicaea, one specific creed was used to define the Church's faith clearly, to include those who professed it, and to exclude those who did not. In order to reconcile the indications furnished by Socrates and by the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, this date may, perhaps, be taken as May 20, and that of the drawing up of the symbol as June 19. [82], The Council of Nicaea dealt primarily with the issue of the deity of Christ. "The emperor gave patient attention to the speeches of both parties" and "deferred" to the decision of the bishops. The synod was convened, according to the Sixth Ecumenical Council – Constantinople III – by Constantine and Pope Sylvester: “Arius arose as an adversary to the doctrine of the Trinity, Constantine and Sylvester immediately assembled the great Synod at Nicea.”. (The Monophysites, whose heresy was the opposite of Nestorianism, viewed any fresh condemnation of Nestorianism as a feather in their cap.) Other remarkable attendees were Eusebius of Nicomedia; Eusebius of Caesarea, the purported first church historian; circumstances suggest that Nicholas of Myra attended (his life was the seed of the Santa Claus legends); Macarius of Jerusalem, later a staunch defender of Athanasius; Aristaces of Armenia (son of Saint Gregory the Illuminator); Leontius of Caesarea; Jacob of Nisibis, a former hermit; Hypatius of Gangra; Protogenes of Sardica; Melitius of Sebastopolis; Achilleus of Larissa (considered the Athanasius of Thessaly);[35] and Spyridion of Trimythous, who even while a bishop made his living as a shepherd. (For the part played by the Eusebian third party, see Eusebius of Nicomedia. [65], Pagan powers within the Empire sought to maintain and at times re-establish paganism into the seat of the Emperor (see Arbogast and Julian the Apostate). Nicaea, COUNCILS OF, respectively the First and Seventh Ecumenical Councils, held at Nicaea in Bithynia (see above).. A large place was indeed necessary to receive such an assembly, though the exact number is not known with certainty.

In order to expedite the assembling of the Council, the emperor placed at the disposal of the bishops the public conveyances and posts of the empire; moreover, while the Council lasted he provided abundantly for the maintenance of the members. At first, Constantine encouraged the construction of new temples[67] and tolerated traditional sacrifices. The lists of the signers have reached us in a mutilated condition, disfigured by faults of the copyists. Melitius retained his episcopal title, but the ecclesiastics ordained by him were to receive again the laying on of hands, the ordinations performed by Melitius being therefore regarded as invalid. Rome was named only for illustration; and Antioch and all the other eparchies or provinces were secured their admitted rights. [citation needed], The main source of the idea that the canon was created at the Council of Nicaea seems to be Voltaire, who popularised a story that the canon was determined by placing all the competing books on an altar during the Council and then keeping the ones that did not fall off. Most significantly, it resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. [97] The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod celebrates the First Ecumenical Council on 12 June. | Prioress: Sister Marie Thérèse, M.I.C.M. "[21], Constantine had invited all 1,800 bishops of the Christian church within the Roman Empire (about 1,000 in the east and 800 in the west), but a smaller and unknown number attended. Rufinus tells us only that daily sessions were held and that Arius was often summoned before the assembly; his opinions were seriously discussed and the opposing arguments attentively considered.
By right, no priest should have signed before any bishop. It was spent in discourses, signing of names, and acclamations. New York: The Macmillan Company. ), Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, retrieved 2014-07-29, Council of Christian bishops convened in Nicaea, 325, 16th-century fresco depicting the Council of Nicaea. Their study is a problem which has been repeatedly dealt with in modern times, in Germany and England, in the critical editions of H. Gelzer, H. Hilgenfeld, and O. Contz on the one hand, and C. H. Turner on the other. However, there was no fraud on their part: they had been sent, not by the patriarchs, but by the monks and priests of superior rank acting sedibus impeditis, in the stead and place of the patriarchs who were prevented from acting for themselves. Greek words like "essence" (ousia), "substance" (hypostasis), "nature" (physis), "person" (prosopon) bore a variety of meanings drawn from pre-Christian philosophers, which could not but entail misunderstandings until they were cleared up. University of California Press 2005. page 340.

After being in session for an entire month, the Council promulgated on 19 June the original Nicene Creed. [15], Historically significant as the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom,[16] the Council was the first occasion where the technical aspects of Christology were discussed. "[74], Thereupon, the debate about Arius and church doctrine began. Eusebius of Caesarea and his two abbreviators, Socrates and Sozomen, as well as Rufinus and Gelasius of Cyzicus, report no details of the theological discussions. Canon ix: Certain sins known after ordination involve invalidation. SECOND COUNCIL OF NICAEA (Seventh Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church), held in 787. Over a century earlier the term "Trinity" (Τριάς in Greek; trinitas in Latin) was used in the writings of Origen (185–254) and Tertullian (160–220), and a general notion of a "divine three", in some sense, was expressed in the second-century writings of Polycarp, Ignatius, and Justin Martyr. Arius himself returned to Constantinople to be readmitted into the Church, but died shortly before he could be received. Rome's jurisdiction within Italy had been defined in terms of several of the city's adjacent provinces since Diocletian's reordering of the empire in 293, as the earliest Latin version of the canon indicates,[95] and the rest of the Italian provinces were under the jurisdiction of Milan.

The text of this profession of faith is preserved in a letter of Eusebius to his congregation, in Athanasius, and elsewhere. When Arius and two followers refused to agree, the bishops pronounced clerical judgement by excommunicating them from the Church. [55], Christians, these thinkers argued, should abandon the custom of relying on Jewish informants and instead do their own computations to determine which month should be styled Nisan, setting Easter within this independently computed, Christian Nisan, which would always locate the festival after the equinox.

The monks John and Thomas professed to represent the Oriental patriarchs, though these did not know that the council had been convoked.

In canon 6, the Council left most of the diocese under Antioch's jurisdiction, and assigned a few provinces of the diocese to Alexandria, "since the like is customary for the Bishop of Rome also. Pope Silvester was represented by two Roman priests, Victor and Vincent, and also by the Bishop of Cordova, one Hosius by name. [73], Constantine assisted in assembling the Council by arranging that travel expenses to and from the bishops' episcopal sees, as well as lodging at Nicaea, be covered out of public funds. Constantine's coinage and other official motifs, until the Council of Nicaea, had affiliated him with the pagan cult of Sol Invictus. In support of this, they cite the position of early fathers and their expression of the need for all churches to agree with Rome (see Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses III:3:2). [6] Those who argued for continued reliance on the Jewish calendar (called "protopaschites" by later historians) were urged to come around to the majority position. But the accounts of Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, and Rufinus may be considered as very important sources of historical information, as well as some data preserved by St. Athanasius, and a history of the Council of Nica written in Greek in the fifth century by Gelasius of Cyzicus. Some rights reserved. (For an account of the controversies which occasioned this council and the circumstances in which it was convoked, see Iconoclasm. Valens could not resolve the outstanding ecclesiastical issues, and unsuccessfully confronted St. Syriac Miscellanies. James F. Loughlin, there is an alternative Roman Catholic interpretation. Guest: Mr. Jonathan Arrington, Episode 247: The Catholic Reformation, Part V. Guest: Ryan Grant, Episode 246: Your Inalienable Spiritual Goods, Episode 245: The Heresy of Americanism. However, Nicene Christianity did not become the state religion of the Roman Empire until the Edict of Thessalonica in 380.
Moreover, John and Thomas did not subscribe at the Council as vicars of the patriarchs, but simply in the name of the Apostolic sees of the Orient. The emperor waited until all the bishops had taken their seats before making his entry. Eusebius speaks of an almost innumerable host of accompanying priests, deacons, and acolytes. The majority, especially those who were confessors of the Faith, energetically declared themselves against the impious doctrines of Arius.

(Some of the arguments are direct; others are more roundabout.)

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